y and angular ain. The amplitude of the lowest-frequency oscillation should increase if the system is unstable and breaks down gradually. However, such a symptom of instability is not pro in our long-terions.
In Fig. 7, the total orbital energy and angular momentus and all nine plas are shown for integration N+2. The upper three panels show the long-periodic variation of total energy (denoted asE- E0), total angular ical co ( H- H0) of the inner four plas calculated from the low-pass filtered Delaunay elehe initial values of each quantity. The absolute difference from the initial values is plotted in the panels. The lower three panels in each figure showE-E0,G-G0 andH-H0 of the total of nine plas. The fluctuation shown in the lower panels is virtually entirely a result of the s.
paring the variations of energy and angular momentus and all nine plas, it is apparent that the amplitudes of those of the inner plas are much smaller than those of all nine plas: the amplitudes of the outer five plas are much larger than those of the inner plas. This does not rial plaary subsysteer one: this is simply a result of the relative smallness of the masses of the four terrestrial plas pared with those of the outer jovian plas. Another thing we notice is that the inner plaary subsystee unstable er one because of its shorter orbital ti be seen in the panels denoted asinner 4 in Fig. 7 where the longer-periodic and irregular oscillations are more apparent than in the panels denoted astotal 9. Actually, the fluctuations in theinner 4 panels are to a large extent as a result of the orbital variation of the ot neglect the contribution fros, as we will see in subsequent sections.
Long-term coupling of several neighbouring pla pairs
Let us see some individual variations of plaary orbital energy and angular momentum expressed by the low-pass filtered Delaunay elements. Figs 10 and 11 show long-term evolution of the orbital energy of each pla and the angular moions. We notice that sos form apparent pairs in terms of orbital energy and angular ge. In particular, Venus and Earth make a typical pair. In the figures, they show negative correlations in exchange of energy and positive correlations in exchange of angular ive correlation in exchange of orbital energy s form a closed dynamical system in terms of the orbital energy. The positive correlation in exchange of angular momentum s are simultaneously under certain long-terdidates for perturbers are Jupiter and Saturn. Also in Fig. 11, we can see that Mars shows a positive correlation in the angular momentuh system. ive correlations in the angular h system, which see caused by the conservation of angular errestrial plaary subsystem.
It is not clear at the h pair exhibits a negative correlation in energy exchange and a positive correlation in angular ge. We may possibly explain this through observing the general fact that there are no secular terary sed-order perturbation theories (cf. Brouwer &aaletti &ao 1998). This ary orbital energy (which is directly related to the semimajor axis a) might be much less affected by perturbing plas than is the angular ge (which relates to e). Hence, the eentricities of Venus and Earth can be disturbed easily by Jupiter and Saturn, which results in a positive correlation in the angular her hand, the seh are less likely to be disturbed by the jovian plas. Thus the energy exchange may be limited only within the Venus–Earth pair, which results in a negative correlation in the exchange of orbital energy in the pair.
As for the outer jovian plaary subsystem, Jupiter–Saturn and Uranus–Neptune seem to make dynamical pairs. However, the strength of their coupling is not as strong pared with that of the Venus–Earth pair.
5 ± 5 × 1010-yr integrations of outer plaary orbits
Since the jovian plaary masses are errestrial plaary masses, we treat the jovian plaary systeary system in terms of the study of its dynamical stability. Hence, we added a couple of trial integrations that span ± 5 × 1010 yr, including only the outer five plas (the four jovian plas plus Pluto). The results exhibit the rigorous stability of the outer plaary system over this long tifigurations (Fig. 12), and variation of eentricities and inclinations (Fig. 13) show this very long-term stability of the outer five plas in both the tiains. Although we do not show maps here, the typical frequency of the orbital oscillation of Pluto and the other outer plas is alstant during these very long-terion periods, which is deime–frequency maps on our webpage.
In these two integrations, the relative nual energy was ~10?6 and that of the total angular momentum was ~10?10.
Resonances in the Neptune–Pluto system
Kinoshita &aed the outer five plaary orbits over ± × 109 yr . They found that four une and Pluto are maintained during the whole integration period, and that the resonances may be the main causes of the stability of the orbit of Pluto. The major four resonances found in previous research are as follows. In the following description,λ denotes the mean longitude,Ω is the longitude of the ascending node and ? is the longitude of perihelion. Subscripts P and N denote Pluto and Neptune.
ween Neptune and Pluto (3:2). The critical argument θ1= 3 λP? 2 λN??P librates around 180° with an amplitude of about 80° and a libration period of about 2 × 104 yr.
The argument of perihelion of Pluto ωP=θ2=?P?ΩP librates around 90° with a period of about × 106 yr. The dominant periodic variations of the eentricity and inclination of Pluto are synchronized with the libration of its argument of perihelion. This is anticipated in the secular perturbation theory constructed by Kozai (1962).
The longitude of the node of Pluto referred to the longitude of the node of Neptune,θ3=ΩP?ΩN, circulates and the period of this circulation is equal to the period of θ2 libration. When θ3 bees zero, . the longitudes of ascending nodes of Neptune and Pluto overlap, the inclination of Pluto bees maximuinimum and the argues 90°. When θ3 becoation of Pluto bees minimuaximum and the argues 90° again. Williams & Benson (1971) anticipated this type of resonance, later confirmed by o (1989).
An argument θ4=?P??N+ 3 (ΩP?ΩN) librates around 180° with a long period,~ × 108 yr.
In our nuions, the resonances (i)–(iii) are well maintained, and variation of the critical arguments θ1,θ2,θ3 remain similar during the whole integration period (Figs 14–16 ). However, the fourth resonance (iv) appears to be different: the critical argument θ4 alternates libration and circulation over a 1010-yr time-scale (Fig. 17). This is an interesting fact that Kinoshita & Nakai's (1995, 1996) shorter integrations were not able to disclose.
6 Discussion
What kind of dynaisability of the plaary systeely think of two major features that may be responsible for the long-term stability. First, there seet lower-order resonances (mean motion and secular) between any pair as. Jupiter and Saturn are close to a 5:2 he famous ‘great inequality’), but not just in the resonance zone. Higher-order resonances he plaary dynamical motion, but they are not so strong as to destroy the stable plaary motion within the lifetime of the real Solar systeure, which we think is more iability of our plaary syste dynarial and jovian plaary subsystems (Ito & Tanikawa 1999, 2001). When we ary separations by the mutual Hill radii (R_), separations as are greater than 26RH, whereas those as are less than 14RH. This difference is directly related to the difference between dynamical features of terrestrial and jovian plas. Terrestrial plas have smaller masses, shorter orbital periods and wider dynamical separation. They are strongly perturbed by jovian plas that have larger masses, longer orbital periods and narrower dynamical separation. Jovian plas are not perturbed by any other massive bodies.
The present terrestrial plaary system is still being disturbed by the s. However, the wide separation and errestrial plas renders the disturbance ineffective; the degree of disturbance by jovian plas is O(eJ)(order of he eentricity of Jupiter), since the disturbance caused by jovian plas is a forced oscillation having an amplitude of O(eJ). Heightening of eentricity, for example O(eJ)~, is far frot to provoke instability in the terrestrial plas having such a wide separation as 26RH. Thus we assume that the present wide dynarial plas (> 26RH) is probably one of the onditions for ability of the plaary system over a 109-yr time-span. Our detailed analysis of the relationship betw
全本小说尽在乐读小说网!乐读小说网